可見分光光度計實驗(yan)原理

光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)定律(lv)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，就是(shi)(shi)指光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)波(bo)(bo)通(tong)過媒(mei)質后，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)強減(jian)弱(ruo)的(de)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。除了(le)真(zhen)空，沒有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)介(jie)質對(dui)(dui)(dui)任(ren)何波(bo)(bo)長的(de)電(dian)磁波(bo)(bo)透(tou)明的(de)。所有的(de)物(wu)質都是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)某些范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)透(tou)明，而(er)(er)對(dui)(dui)(dui)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)不透(tou)明。因此，若(ruo)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定長范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)，物(wu)質吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)不隨波(bo)(bo)長而(er)(er)變，這(zhe)種(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)就稱為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，反之(zhi)，隨波(bo)(bo)長而(er)(er)變的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)稱為選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。例如(ru):在(zai)可(ke)(ke)見光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)范圍(wei)(wei)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學玻(bo)璃(li)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)很(hen)小，且不隨波(bo)(bo)長而(er)(er)變，它就是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。而(er)(er)有色(se)玻(bo)璃(li)在(zai)可(ke)(ke)見光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)具有選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。如(ru)“紅(hong)"玻(bo)璃(li)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)紅(hong)色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)微弱(ruo)地吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou),而(er)(er)對(dui)(dui)(dui)綠光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)、藍光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)及紫色(se)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)比較顯著(zhu)。當白光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)通(tong)過“紅(hong)"玻(bo)璃(li)時，除紅(hong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)外，其本(ben)已被吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，這(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)濾光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)片的(de)作用，不過，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)和(he)選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)的(de)是(shi)(shi)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)有條(tiao)件的(de)任(ren)何物(wu)質在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)波(bo)(bo)段范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)表現(xian)(xian)為一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，在(zai)另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)波(bo)(bo)段范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)表現(xian)(xian)為選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。例如(ru):普通(tong)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學玻(bo)璃(li)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)可(ke)(ke)見光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)很(hen)弱(ruo)，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，而(er)(er)對(dui)(dui)(dui)紫外及紅(hong)外波(bo)(bo)段則(ze)表現(xian)(xian)出強烈的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，即(ji)為選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。因此，任(ren)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)介(jie)質對(dui)(dui)(dui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)都是(shi)(shi)由(you)這(zhe)兩種(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)組成。

通常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)近紫(zi)外和可見的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)在電磁輻射(she)的(de)(de)(de)作用下，多原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)電子(zi)(zi)(zi)發生躍(yue)遷而(er)產生的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)，它又稱為(wei)電子(zi)(zi)(zi)光(guang)(guang)譜(pu)。顯然(ran)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)電磁輻射(she)的(de)(de)(de)本領是(shi)與物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)能級(ji)結構有(you)關。當物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中能躍(yue)遷的(de)(de)(de)兩能級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)差越接近電磁輻射(she)的(de)(de)(de)能量(liang)，則(ze)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)越大(da);能級(ji)差相(xiang)距(ju)輻射(she)能量(liang)越大(da)，則(ze)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)越小(xiao)。這就是(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)一般吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)和選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)緣故(gu)。而(er)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)分(fen)光(guang)(guang)光(guang)(guang)度法正(zheng)是(shi)基于不同分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)結構的(de)(de)(de)各種物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對電磁輻射(she)顯示選擇(ze)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)這種特性建立起來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。